Sites à explorer slavery

Parliament

National archive

bicentenary website

Une bio sur equiano

Slavery things to listen BBC radio

Page video Wilberforce

Slavery , things to listen VOA

America Still Draws Lessons from an Era when Humans Were Property

London Opens Permanent Gallery on Slavery


Britain Marks Bicentenary of Abolition of Slave Trade

Slavery things to listen to NPR

wilberforce NPR radio

Ending slavery in Britain

Amazing Grace a movie review

Yoked Marchers Mark Abolitionist Anniversary

Abolitionist black humor, the shark petition

Book review Bury the chains

'Bury the Chains': Britain's End to Slave Trade

Africa Ignores Slave-Trade Anniversary

In Song: Sounds of Slavery

US antislavery: a timeline

Anti-Slavery Timeline
1609
The first African laborer was imported into Virginia.
1754
John Woolman addressed his fellow Quakers in Some Considerations of the Keeping of Negroes.
1775
The first Quaker antislavery society, the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, was organized in Philadelphia.
1777-1804
Gradual abolition laws were passed in northern states: Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.
1785
John Jay and Alexander Hamilton organized the New York Manumission Society.
1787
U.S. Constitution signed, including compromise to count slaves as 3/5 of a person.
1787
The Northwest Ordinance banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
1789
Benjamin Franklin organized the Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1793
The first Federal fugitive slave act provided for the return of slaves escaped across state boundaries.
1794
The first national antislavery society, the American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, was founded
1807
Congress passed the law prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States after January 1, 1808.
1817
The American Colonization Society was founded to settle free Negroes in Africa.
1820
The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state but prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory thereafter about 36°30’ north latitude.
1821
The Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, started publishing his antislavery paper, The Genius of Universal Emancipation.
1822
A slave revolt occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, led by the freed man, Denmark Vesey.
1831
William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator.
1831
The Nat Turner Rebellion occurred in Virginia.
1831
The New England Anti?Slavery Society was founded in Boston.
1831-1832
Emancipation was narrowly defeated in the Virginia constitutional convention.
1832
William Lloyd Garrison’s Thoughts on African Colonization was published. It marked a turning point of anti?slavery against colonization.
1833
Slavery ended in the British Empire.
1833
The American Anti?Slavery Society was founded in Philadelphia.
1834
Prudence Crandall’s school for Negro girls in Canterbury, Connecticut was closed by vandalism and mob destruction.
1835
The near lynching of Garrison occurred in Boston.
1836
The office of James G. Birney’s Philanthropist was sacked in Cincinnati.
1836-1844
John Quincy Adams carried on the campaign against the Gag Rule, restricting the reception of antislavery petitions, in the House of Representatives.
1837
Elijah Lovejoy’s press was destroyed, and Lovejoy was killed in Alton, Illinois.
1838
Pennsylvania Hall, built for meetings of reform groups, was burned during the Anti?Slavery Convention of American Women in Philadelphia.
1839
The Amistad Revolt.
1840
The Liberty Party was organized and nominated James Birney for president.
1840
The World Anti?Slavery Convention was held in London. Women from the American Delegation were denied seats on the floor.
1841
The Amistad case, involving the importation of illegal slave into the Americas, was tried in Federal Courts.
1846-1848
United States victory in the Mexican War.
1850
The Fugitive Slave Law was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850.
1852
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
1854
Kansas?Nebraska Bill passed.
1854
The Republican Party forms.
1854
The fugitive slave, Anthony Burns was returned from Boston to Virginia.
1857
Dred Scott Decision.
1858
Abraham Lincoln condemned slavery in his “House Divided” speech.
1859
John Brown raided Harper’s Ferry to form and support a slave revolt.
1861
The Civil War began.
1863
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
1865
The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified.
Copyright: Old Sturbridge Inc.

everyman

The text en version modernisée.

Slavery in the British Empire

The Idea That Brought Slavery to Its Knees

BBC PAGE

William Wilberforce,

une bio

Thomas Clarkson

Slavery wiki Abolition in Britain during the 19th century:
After a series of delays caused by Wilberforce's health, stonewalling in the House of Lords, the war with France, a British bill was finally passed in 1806. It prohibited the sale of slaves by the British into other countries, and prohibited the importation of additional slaves into the new British colonies in the Caribbean. A second bill was passed in 1807 in which "all manner of dealing and trading in slaves...[was] utterly abolished, prohibited and declared to be unlawful." A final bill in 1811 made slave trading punishable by execution or exile. By this time, about 2.8 million slaves had been transported by the British.
Although the British slave trade had now ended, slavery itself continued in various British colonies. An Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1823. It was successful in forcing the government to pass laws to improve the treatment of slaves. After some slave revolts and mass executions, outraged public opinion in Britain forced passage of a Bill for the Abolition of Slavery in 1833. This ended slavery in Britain and its colonies, including Canada. Through a series of treaties and the capture of over 1,000 slave ships, the slave trade was finally snuffed out by 1865.


The British Empire;
slavery 1787 1840

Abolition in the U.S. during the 19th century:
Anti-slave activity in the U.S. lagged significantly behind that of Britain, Canada, and other British colonies. Some milestones were:
1800: By this time, slavery was economically marginal in the Northeast states. An act of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory (now OH, MI, IN, IL & WI). States north of Delaware also did not allow slavery. The southern states retained slavery for almost another century. The industrialized North and agricultural South had long been divided on economic grounds. This was joined by a "growing sense of a moral and social divide based on attitudes towards slavery." 1
1807: A federal ban was placed on the importation of new slaves into the U.S.
1810: A census was held; the black population was found to be 1,377,080.
1819: The "Missouri Compromise" is reached in Congress. It allowed each new state to be admitted to the Union with its slavery laws intact. However slavery was prohibited in that area of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of latitude 36' 30".
1820's: The "Underground Railroad" began as an informal network of safe houses which helped runaway slaves escape to freedom It was mainly organized by Quakers and Mennonites. 2 "It existed rather openly in the North and just beneath the surface of daily life in the upper South and certain Southern cities. The Underground Railroad, where it existed, offered local service to runaway slaves, assisting them from one point to another." 3 Harriet Tubman (circa 1820 - 1913), a black abolitionist, walked to freedom. Then she returned 19 times into slave territory and led over 300 individuals, including her family and relatives, out of slavery. Lucretia Mott was a Quaker abolitionist who harbored runaways slaves in her Philadelphia home. Not all traffic was northbound. There were also two escape routes to Spanish held territories: via Florida and Mexico. About 1,000 slaves successfully escaped to the North each year. Many more were caught and returned to a horrendous fate.
1833: Over 1,000 regional, state and city groups joined together to found the American Anti-Slavery Society
1840's: By this time, the slavery issue had emerged in the U.S. as a major conflict. In the northern states, "a small but articulate group of abolitionists developed. In the South, white spokesmen rallied around slavery as the bedrock of Southern society." 4 The issue of slavery became so volatile that Congress debated whether it could even be discussed. Between 1836 and 1844, the House of Representatives argued over their "gag rule". It prohibited any discussion of slavery and whether the right of petition should include the petitioning against human bondage. The gag rule angered many Americans who were anxious to preserve their freedom of political expression. The overall effect was to add support to the Abolitionist cause.
1850: The "Compromise of 1850" is approved by Congress. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia. California was admitted to the union as a free state. Slavery was permitted in the new territories of New Mexico and Utah.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) was an author and the daughter of a Christian minister. She became one of the first women to earn a living by writing, by publishing the best-seller Uncle Tom's Cabin. It publicized the evils of slavery to the general public.
1857: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of the US Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott decision. It stated that the US Congress could not prohibit slavery in any state; that an African-American could not be an American citizen; and that slaves were not considered persons. A runaway slave only became safe if he/she escaped from the country. 2 Benjamin Drew, an American abolitionist working with the Canadian Anti-Slavery Society, visited towns in what is now Ontario, Canada in the mid 1850's. He interviewed refugees who had successfully fled to Canada, and recorded their stories. 6 Slavery was becoming more widespread at this time, and starting to become entrenched in some territories to the West of the Mississippi river.
1861: The slave population totaled about 4 million. The Civil War began on APR-12 with an southern attack on Fort Sumter, SC. 180,000 African-Americans served as soldiers; 25,000 as sailors. Julia Ward Howe, a Unitarian, wrote The Battle Hymn to inspire Union soldiers.
1863: President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on 1863-JAN-1. 7 It applied only to the "rebellious states" and stated "that all persons held as slaves are, and henceforward shall be free." It allowed African-Americans to join the Union Army and Navy. Unfortunately, the Proclamation did not free a single slave:
The loyal border states who did not secede from the Union were still allowed to keep people enslaved.
Persons in the south that had already come under Northern control were also able to retain their slaves.
The remaining Southern states ignored the Proclamation.
1865: The 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ended slavery on 1865-JAN-31. It states: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
The cost in human suffering and lives:
As many as 17 million slaves were exported to North Africa, the Middle East and countries on the coast of the Indian Ocean.
At least 5 million African slaves were exported via the Red Sea, East Africa to other parts of the world.
At least 12 million slaves were exported from Africa to North America, South American and the West Indies.
Perhaps 4 million Africans died in wars that were caused by the slave trade and in forced marches.
"It is estimated that some five percent died in Africa on the way to the coast, another thirteen percent in transit to the West Indies, and still another thirty percent during the three-month seasoning period in the West Indies. This meant that about fifty percent of those originally captured in Africa died either in transit or while being prepared for servitude." 7
In the American colonies, "a slave was chattel--an article of property that could be bought, punished, sold, loaned, used as collateral, or willed to another at an owner's whim. Slaves were not recognized as persons in the eyes of the law; thus they had no legal rights. Slaves could not legally marry, own property, vote, serve as witnesses, serve on juries, or make contracts. The offspring of female slaves also belonged to their owners, regardless of whom their fathers were." 7
Subsequent Developments:
Slavery in North America was closely connected to race. "Although there were black, mulatto and American - born slave owners in some colonies in the Americas, and many whites did not own slaves, chattel slavery was fundamentally different in the Americas from other parts of the world because of the racial dimension." 8 Elsewhere in the world, slaves were often of the same race and same or similar culture as the slave owners. An ex-slave could mix freely into society. A generation later, their former slave status would be forgotten. This is not so in North America. The effects of slavery lived on in the form of racial segregation and racial intolerance; both are still with us.
An estimated 30% of the population of Brazil and the United States were descended from slaves, as of 1950. In Cuba and the West Indies, it is estimated at 15%. 1
Slavery was abolished in most of the world during the 19th century. It has been outlawed by a number of international conventions: 9
The Slavery Convention of 1927-MAR-9
The Forced Labour Convention of 1930, and
Protocol amending the Slavery Convention of 1953-DEC-7. Signed by Canada in 1953; ratified by the U.S. in 1956.
The U.N. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, of 1957-APR-30. 9 Ratified by Canada in 1963, and by the U.S. in 1967.
The U.N. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others of 1951-JUL-25.
In 1962, Saudi Arabia became the last country in the world to abolish slavery. However, slavery continues today in a few countries:
"According to the United Nations, the United States and a number of human rights groups," slavery continues in the Sudan 10 (The Sudanese government vigorously denies that the practice exists.) In 1999-JAN, Christian Solidarity International announced that it had released 5,066 Sudanese people from slavery in the previous four years by buying their freedom. It is not clear whether they were actually slaves who were purchased. They might have been prisoners of war being redeemed, or kidnap victims being ransomed. 11 The Muslims in the north of Sudan are engaged in a long-standing civil war with the Animists and Christians in the south.
Four human rights activists in Mauritania, North West Africa, gave an interview to a French TV crew in early 1998 about the continued slavery in their country. They were arrested.
Trafficking in children and women for purposes of prostitution continues in many countries. Child labor is common. People are still trapped in indentured servanthood which differs little from actual slavery.
Slavery is still advocated in North America by some Reconstructionist Christians and a few racist fringe groups within the Christian Identity movement.




The anti slavery movement: wiki

The antislavery society

the British Parliament

wiki

Dans la page du UK parliament

Parliament: The political institution

Parliament, as a political institution, has developed over hundreds of years. During that period the two distinct Houses – Commons and Lords – emerged and the balance of power between Parliament and the monarchy changed dramatically.
Origins of Parliament - King's councils
The origins of Parliament go back to the 12th century, when King's councils were held involving barons and archbishops. They discussed politics and were involved in taxation and judgments.
Over time, these councils took a more formal role and saw knights representing each county. This was the beginning of a Commons element in Parliament. The word 'Parliament' was used to describe these meetings by the early 13th century.
Two Houses
By the 14th century two distinct Houses, the Commons and the Lords, had developed. The Commons involved representatives from counties, towns and cities, the Lords already consisted of members of the nobility and clergy.
Parliament and the monarchy
During the 15th century, King Henry V put the Commons on an equal footing with the Lords.
The 17th century saw civil war break out between supporters of Parliament and the monarchy. King Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649 and a Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell established. During the years 1649 to 1660 a series of Parliaments were elected using different constitutional rules.
In 1660 the monarchy was restored under King Charles II.
The Bill of Rights was agreed in 1689. This established Parliament's authority over the monarch: Parliament would be responsible for passing or repealing all laws.
Parliament and the home nations
The 1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland saw the nations' individual Parliaments replaced by the new Parliament of Great Britain.
After the 1800 Act of Union with Ireland, the Dublin Parliament was abolished and Irish MPs and Lords were represented in the Westminster Parliament.
Parliament Acts - 1911 and 1949
The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 increased the authority of the Commons over the Lords when passing new laws. The Acts removed the powers of the Lords to amend any Bills concerning money and reduced the amount of time they could delay a Bill. :


Parliament: The building

Where Parliament now stands has been a centre of authority for over a thousand years. Once the home of the royal family, and still officially a royal palace, the buildings that now make up the modern Houses of Parliament have developed through design, accident and attack.
A royal palace
The first known royal palace to occupy Parliament’s site was Edward the Confessor’s (c1065). Parliament officially remains a royal palace and is still referred to as the ‘Palace of Westminster’. The site was used as a royal residence until Henry VIII moved the royal family out in 1512 following a fire.
Westminster Hall
Westminster Hall is the oldest part of Parliament. The walls were built in 1097 and the hall is one Europe’s largest medieval halls with an unsupported roof. It was extensively rebuilt during the 14th century.
Once used as a law court, the hall has held several notable trials, including that of Sir William Wallace (1305), the Gunpowder Plot conspirators (1606) and King Charles I (1649).
Today the hall is often used for important State occasions such as the Queen’s Golden Jubilee and the lying-in-State of the late Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, both in 2002.
The 1834 fire and rebuilding
The Palace almost completely burnt down in a fire on 16 October 1834, which destroyed everything except Westminster Hall, the crypt of St Stephen’s Chapel and the Jewel Tower.
The Houses of Parliament, as we know them today, were rebuilt after the fire. The process, which incorporated Westminster Hall and the remains of St Stephen’s Chapel, took just over 30 years. The rebuilding was completely finished by 1870.
Architect Charles Barry won an open competition for a new design with his gothic vision. Barry was assisted by Augustus Welby Pugin, especially in the details, fittings and furniture.
The bombing of 1941
During the Second World War, on 10 May 1941, a bombing raid destroyed the House of Commons chamber. Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a new, five-floor block (with two floors occupied by the chamber). It was used for the first time on 26 October 1950.


Key dates in Parliament: 1215-1900

1215: Signing of the Magna Carta Magna Carta sealed by King John. This set the founding principles for parliament and constitution. It defined rights, legal practices and 'good lordship' - what subjects could expect from their monarch and superiors.
1295: Model ParliamentSummoned by Edward I and generally regarded as the first representative assembly.
1341: Separation of Commons and LordsCommons meet separately from the Lords for the first time.
1407: Commons given power over taxation
1414: Full equality of Common and Lords on legislation
1415: First Serjeant at Arms, Nicholas Maudit, appointed
1512: Lords meet in the Parliament chamber
1523: First known request by a Speaker for free speech (Speaker Thomas More)
1536: Wales first represented in the House of Commons
1544: Term 'House of Lords' first used
1605: Gunpowder plot
1642: King Charles I enters the Commons chamberKing Charles I attempts to arrest five leading Members of the Commons for treason. The Speaker voices his allegiance to Parliament rather than the monarch.
1649: House of Lords abolished During Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth.
1660: Monarchy restored House of Lords resumes.
1681: Last time Parliament met outside LondonParliament met in Oxford for one week.
1688-89: Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights Established the constitutional monarchy and limited the power of the sovereign over Parliament.
1707: Last Royal veto on a BillQueen Anne refuses to give Royal Assent to the Scottish Militia Bill
1707: Union of England and Scotland Scottish Parliament abolished; first meeting of Parliament of Great Britain.
1716: Septennial ActExtended the length of Parliaments to seven years.
1800: Act of Union (with Ireland) In 1801, 100 Irish MPs entered the House of Commons and Irish Peers elected representatives from among their number to sit in the Lords.
1803: Newspaper reporters allocated seats in the public gallery for the first time
1812: Assassination of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval John Bellingham shoots and kills the Prime Minister in the Members' Lobby of the House of Commons.
1832: Reform Act Increased the electorate by almost 50 per cent and to 57 per cent overall. The proportion of adult English males entitled to vote was now 20 per cent.
1834: Fire!Fire destroys most of Parliament. Rebuilding the Houses of Parliament, in the design we know today, completed by 1870.
1876: Appellate Jurisdiction Act Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) created as full-time, professional judges.


Key dates in Parliament: 1901 to present day

1911: Parliament Act Removed the House of Lords’ right to refuse a Bill passed in the Commons - except those that proposed to extend the life of Parliament.
1918: Fourth Reform Act and Representation of the People ActGave the vote to men over 21 and women over 30 - increasing the electorate from 8 million to 21 million.
1919: First female MPViscountess Nancy Astor is the first woman to take her seat as an MP (Countess Constance Markiewicz was elected in 1918 but as a Sinn Fein member did not take her seat).
1920: Government of Ireland Act Southern Irish MPs no longer attend UK Parliament.
1928: Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) ActReduced voting age for women to 21.
1941: World War II bombingCommons chamber destroyed by enemy action on 10 May.
1949: Parliament ActReduced the Lords ability to delay a Bill passed in the Commons from two years to one year.
1950: New Commons chamber Re-built after 1941 bombing; used for the first time on 26 October.
1958: Life Peerages Act Permitted creation of peerages for life to persons of either sex, with no limit on numbers. First female life peer - Baroness Wootton of Abinger - is created. 1963: Peerage ActAllowed hereditary peerages to be disowned for life, hereditary peeresses to be members of the House of Lords and all Scottish peers to sit. First female hereditary peer: Baroness Strange of Knokin.
1978: Radio broadcastsBroadcasts of proceedings in Parliament begin on a permanent basis.
1985: Lords televisedProceedings in the Lords televised for first time.
1989: Commons televisedCommons proceedings televised for first time.
1997: Parliament website launched
1999: UK devolutionDevolution of powers to Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales and Northern Ireland Assembly.
1999: House of Lords ActRemoved the right of all but 92 hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords.
1999: Westminster Hall sittingsMPs sit for the first time in a parallel chamber, held in Westminster Hall.
2002: Parliament webcastsWebcasts of Parliament proceedings begins.
2005: Constitutional Reform Act Separates judiciary from the legislature (a term for Parliament) with the creation of a Supreme Court (from 2009) when the judicial function of the House of Lords will cease.
2006: First Lord SpeakerBaroness Hayman elected as the first Lord Speaker.


History of Hansard

Hansard is a report of both oral and written parliamentary proceedings. Its origins go back to the 17th century, when unofficial - and often suppressed - printings of debates in Parliament began production.
Suppression stopped in 1771 following a legal battle by John Wilkes MP.
William Cobbett and 'Debates'
In 1803, William Cobbett started printing records of debates, simply called 'Debates'. It was the first organised attempt to record proceedings.
Operation of Hansard
Due to insolvency, Cobbett sold the contract for Debates in 1812 to Thomas Curson Hansard, son of Luke Hansard, the British Government's printer (although Thomas' business was independent). Hansard put his name on the report in 1829.
Operation of Hansard was taken over by the House of Commons in 1909 and it was given the title 'Official Report'.
Hansard - the (un)official name
After being renamed the Official Report, there were attempts in the early 20th century to drop the name 'Hansard'. However, its use continued until Hansard returned to the report's front cover in 1943.

Jane Eyre

Une page de critiques, les cliffsnotes, bookrags, peguins,
des critiques assez vieux, à explorer, il semble y avoir des choses intéressantes,
a review 1848

King lear

Le programme d'agreg externe : king lear pour Shakespeare.
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The difference that death makes xx

save graders, cliffs notes and some quotes.
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